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<title>Computer operator</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer operator</span></span>

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<p>A <b>computer operator</b> is a role in <a href="IT" class="mw-redirect" title="IT">IT</a> which oversees the running of computer systems, ensuring that the machines, and computers are running properly.<sup id="cite_ref-USPS.BLS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPS.BLS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The job of a computer operator as defined by the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> is to "monitor and control ... and respond to ... enter commands ... set controls on computer and peripheral devices. This Excludes Data Entry."<sup id="cite_ref-BLS.gov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS.gov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>The position has evolved from its beginnings in <a href="Computer_programming_in_the_punched_card_era" title="Computer programming in the punched card era">the punched card era</a>. A Bureau of Labor Statistics report published in 2018 showed that, in the <a href="Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, a major employer of those categorized as <i>Computer Operator</i> was <a href="United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. In the <a href="Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>, companies involved in <a href="Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a>, <a href="Internet_hosting_service" title="Internet hosting service">hosting</a>, or related services employed computer operators at an even higher rate. The states with the highest employment for computer operators, as of 2018, are: <a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USPS.BLS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPS.BLS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Job_role_description">Job role description</h2></div>

<p>The former role of a computer operator was to work with <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> which required a great deal of management day-to-day including manually running batch jobs; however, now they often work with a variety of different systems and applications. The computer operator normally works in a <a href="Server_room" title="Server room">server room</a> or a <a href="Data_center" title="Data center">data center</a>, but can also work <a href="Remote_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote computer">remotely</a> so that they can operate systems across multiple sites. Most of their duties are taught on the job, as their job description will vary according to the systems they help to manage.

</p><p>Responsibilities of a computer operator may include:

</p>

<ul><li>Monitor and control electronic computer and peripheral electronic data processing equipment to process business, scientific, engineering, and other data according to operating instructions.</li>

<li>Monitor and respond to operating and error messages.</li>

<li>May enter commands at a computer terminal and set controls on computer and peripheral devices.</li>

<li>Excludes "<a href="Computer_occupations" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer occupations">Computer Occupations</a>" (15-1100) and "<a href="Data_entry" title="Data entry">Data Entry Keyers</a>" (43-9021).</li></ul>

<p>The role also includes maintaining records and logging events, listing each backup that is run, each machine malfunction and program abnormal termination. Operators assist <a href="System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administrators</a> and <a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">programmers</a> in testing and debugging of new systems and programs prior to their becoming production environments.

</p><p>Modern-day computing has led to a greater proliferation of personal computers, with a rapid change from older mainframe systems to newer <a href="Self-management_(computer_science)" title="Self-management (computer science)">self-managing</a> systems. This is reflected in the operator's role. Tasks may include managing the <a href="Object_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Object storage device">backup systems</a>, cycling <a href="Computer_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer media">tapes or other media</a>, filling and maintaining <a href="Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a>. Overall the operator fills in as a lower level system administrator or operations analyst. Most operations departments work <a href="24x7" class="mw-redirect" title="24x7">24x7</a>.

</p><p>A computer operator also has knowledge of <a href="IT_disaster_recovery" title="IT disaster recovery">disaster recovery</a> and <a href="Business_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Business continuity">business continuity</a> procedures. Formerly, this would have meant sending physical data tapes offsite, but now the data is more than likely transmitted over computer networks.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specializations">Specializations</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Console_operator">Console operator</h3></div>

<p>A <b>console operator</b> interacts with a <a href="Front_panel" title="Front panel">front panel</a> or a multi-user system's console

</p>

<ul><li>entering system commands via a <a href="Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a><sup id="cite_ref-point_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-point-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>entering commands for a subsystem, e.g., <a href="Houston_Automatic_Spooling_Priority#Operator_Commands" title="Houston Automatic Spooling Priority">HASP</a>, via a keyboard<sup id="cite_ref-point_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-point-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>replying to requests for information<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>taking actions such as mounting computer tapes that were "pulled" by a <a href="#Tape_librarian">tape librarian</a></li>

<li>supervising a tape operator, especially when there is a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSLTBW_2.2.0/com.ibm.zos.v2r2.idarm00/opmoun.htm">non-specific mount request</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>These individuals would be trained to use specialized equipment related to their duties.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_the_IBM_System/360_era">Beyond the IBM System/360 era</h3></div>

<p>One example of specific hardware used by a console operator is the <a href="IBM_System/370_Model_168" title="IBM System/370 Model 168">IBM 3066 Model 2</a> <a href="System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">system console</a>, which included a <a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a> as an interface device. Other then-new features were:

</p>

<ul><li>replaced "most switch, pushbutton, and indicator functions"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>as with the 165's Model 1, had a microfiche document viewer, a feature introduced for the <a href="IBM_System/360_Model_85" title="IBM System/360 Model 85">360/85</a>'s console.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>A console printer (up to 85 characters per second) to provide hard copy was optional when the console was in display mode, and required when it was in printer-keyboard mode.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripherals_operator">Peripherals operator</h3></div>

<p>A <b>peripherals operator</b> uses dedicated <a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> equipment connected to computer(s) such as printers, scanners, or storage devices for data transfer to and/or from computers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tape_operator">Tape operator</h4></div>

<p>Historically, <b>tape operators</b> were in charge of swapping out reels of <a href="Punched_paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Punched paper tape">paper tape</a>, <a href="Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">reels</a> of <a href="Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">magnetic tape</a> or magnetic tape <a href="Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">cartridges</a> that stored computer data or instructions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Card_reader_operator"><a href="Card_reader" title="Card reader">Card reader</a> operator</h4></div>

<p>Depending on the type of card reader, either the "9-edge" or the "12-edge" was towards the <b>card reader operator</b> inserting the cards - but the <i>deck</i> of cards was <i><u>always</u></i> placed <i>face down</i>.

</p><p>The <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s wordings were:

</p>

<ul><li>Load cards in hopper face down, 12 edge out, column 1 to the left (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Place cards in hopper face down with 12 edge to operator (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<dl><dd>12 edge / face down : IBM orientation.</dd></dl></li>

<li>nine-edge (also face down) : some other card readers.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printer_operator">Printer operator</h4></div>

<p>In addition to filing or delivering computer printouts,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <b>printer operator</b> at times loads standard or, as directed by a console operator or a remote console, specialized forms.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tab_operator">Tab operator</h3></div>

<p>The <b>tab operator</b> (short for tabulating) would be responsible for preparing and operating tabulating machines to produce statistical results.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardware such as the <a href="IBM_card_sorter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM card sorter">IBM 08x sorter series</a> were called tabulating equipment. The 1980 census specifically counted <i>Tab operators</i> ("<a href="Tabulating_machine" title="Tabulating machine">Tabulating-machine</a> operator").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape_librarian">Tape librarian</h3></div>

<p>A <b>tape librarian</b> is responsible for the management, storage, and reporting involving <a href="Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">data storage tapes</a>. The tape librarian would develop and/or maintain an organization system for the storage and retrieval of tapes,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and assist in <a href="IT_disaster_recovery" title="IT disaster recovery">disaster recovery</a>. Additionally, the librarian would ensure the integrity of the tapes, and submit recommendations for replacement when needed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of equipment a tape librarian may work with are the <a href="IBM_3850" title="IBM 3850">IBM 3850</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Modern System operator <a href="System_console" class="mw-redirect" title="System console">consoles</a> no longer include large numbers of lights, switches, or buttons</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="IBM_System/370_Model_168" title="IBM System/370 Model 168">370/158</a> announcement said that "the console used a CRT display, a keyboard, and a <a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a>."</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Open 9-track tape drive</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">IBM 3330 Disk drive</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> tape drives</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="IBM_1402" title="IBM 1402">IBM 1402</a> high speed card reader and punch used in larger installations and typically run by an operator</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="IBM_1442" title="IBM 1442">IBM 1442</a> medium speed card reader and punch used on many smaller computers such as the <a href="IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/system_operator" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:system operator">system operator</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="System_administrator" title="System administrator">System administration</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-point-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-point_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-point_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly with a pointing device, e.g., <a href="Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a>, <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Write-to-operator (WTO) / WTOR = with Reply</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">such as for a blank tape</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the few retained: "system clear" and "cooling reset alarm"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the 360/85 article includes a photo of same.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes439011.htm">"Computer Operators"</a>. <i><a href="Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BLS.gov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BLS.gov_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes439011.htm">"Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2018: 43-9011 Computer Operators"</a>. Bureau of Labor Statistics.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017195352/https://usmap.netc.navy.mil/usmapss/static/wps/wps.jsp?aimsParm=0817N">"Work Processes Schedule"</a>. <i>United Services Military Apprenticeship Program (USMAP)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmap.netc.navy.mil/usmapss/static/wps/wps.jsp?aimsParm=0817N">the original</a> on October 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWiqYseJ4sC"><i>Soldier's manual: digital subscriber terminal equipment repairman, MOS 34F, skill levels two and three</i></a>. Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Headquarters. 1977.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzEmWzvRbbQC"><i>MOS 72E: combat telecommunications center operator</i></a>. 1981.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFV_Chachra1982" class="citation web cs1">V Chachra (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED236974.pdf">"Computing in Higher Education: A Planning Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militaryyearbookproject.com/references/old-mos-codes/wwii-era/army-wwii-codes/administration/1435-tabulating-machine-operator-400">"TABULATING MACHINE OPERATOR (400)"</a>. <i>militaryyearbookproject.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNxpTUGEWFgC"><i>1980 Census of Population: Classified Index of Industries</i></a>. United States. Bureau of the Census. 1980.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_CarrellD._Boyer" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Carrell; D. Boyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mis.umsl.edu/files/pdfs/ITCareers.pdf">"Information Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>The tape librarian records the location of all tapes that are created</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westchestergov.com/hr/jobspecs/cjs/county/T/TAPELIBRARIAN.pdf">"Tape Librarian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Westchester County Government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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